在英语语法学习中，直接引语变为间接引语是初中级学习者必须掌握的重要语法点。其中，指示代词的转换更是容易出错的关键环节。本文将深入解析this/that, these/those等指示代词在引语转换中的变化规律。
直接引语：直接引用某人原话，放在引号内，不做任何改动。
示例：Mary said, "This is my favorite book."（玛丽说：“这是我最喜欢的书。”）
间接引语：转述他人话语内容，不使用引号，需要调整人称、时态和指示代词等。
示例：Mary said that that was her favorite book.（玛丽说那是她最喜欢的书。）
当直接引语变为间接引语时，指示代词需要根据语境进行相应调整，基本原则是“近指变远指”：
| 直接引语 | 间接引语 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| this | that | 近指变远指 |
| these | those | 近指复数变远指复数 |
| here | there | 地点副词相应变化 |
| now | then | 时间副词相应变化 |
| 直接引语 | 间接引语 | 解析 |
|---|---|---|
| He said, "This is my car." | He said that that was his car. | this转换为that，同时is变为was |
| She said, "These are my photos." | She said that those were her photos. | these转换为those，are变为were |
| John said, "I bought this yesterday." | John said that he had bought that the day before. | this变that，时间状语也相应变化 |
| 直接引语 | 间接引语 | 解析 |
|---|---|---|
| Tom said, "I live here." | Tom said that he lived there. | here转换为there |
| She said, "Put the box here." | She told me to put the box there. | 祈使句转换，here变there |
指示代词的转换不仅受语法规则限制，还受到实际空间距离和时间距离的影响：
| 情境 | 直接引语 | 间接引语 | 解析 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 说话人指着近处的手机 | "This is my new phone." | He said that that was his new phone. | 转述时物理距离变远，this必须变为that |
| 说话人指着远处的建筑 | "That is the library." | She said that that was the library. | 原已使用that，转述时通常保持不变 |
| 谈论当天的事情 | "I'm busy now." | He said he was busy then. | now转换为then |
虽然大多数情况下指示代词需要转换，但也有一些例外情况：
当转述的内容是永恒真理，或者所指物体在转述时仍然存在且位置未变时，有时可以保留原指示代词：
| 直接引语 | 间接引语（两种可能） | 解析 |
|---|---|---|
| Teacher said, "This planet is Earth." | The teacher said that this planet is Earth. 或 The teacher said that that planet was Earth. |
永恒真理，时态和代词都可保持不变 |
| (指着桌上的书) "I like this book." | She said she liked this book. 或 She said she liked that book. |
如果书仍在原处，可保留this |
如果转述时所指物体仍在原处，与说话人的相对位置没有改变，有时可以保留原来的指示代词：
示例：
直接引语：John said, "This painting is very valuable."（约翰说："这幅画很有价值。"）
间接引语（如果画仍在原地）：John said that this painting is very valuable.
间接引语（通常规则）：John said that that painting was very valuable.
学习者在掌握指示代词转换时，常犯以下错误：
| 错误类型 | 错误示例 | 正确形式 | 解析 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 忘记转换代词 | He said that this was interesting. | He said that that was interesting. | 间接引语中应使用that |
| 混淆单复数 | She said that this were her friends. | She said that those were her friends. | these转换为those，保持复数一致 |
| 忽略其他相应变化 | He said that that is his car. | He said that that was his car. | 时态也需要相应变化 |
下面通过一些综合练习来巩固所学知识：
练习1：将下列直接引语转换为间接引语
1. "I will finish this work tomorrow," she said.
2. "We bought these apples at the market," they said.
3. "This is the best movie I've ever seen," he told me.
1. She said that she would finish that work the next day.
2. They said that they had bought those apples at the market.
3. He told me that that was the best movie he had ever seen.
练习2：判断下列转换是否正确，错误的请改正
1. 直接引语： "I don't like this song."
间接引语： He said that he didn't like this song.
2. 直接引语： "These are my colleagues."
间接引语： She said that those were her colleagues.
1. 错误。应改为：He said that he didn't like that song.
解析：间接引语中应将this改为that。
2. 正确。
解析：these转换为those符合规则。
掌握直接引语变间接引语中指示代词的转换，需要注意以下几点：
学习提示：指示代词的转换不是机械记忆规则，而是要理解其背后的逻辑——当直接引语变为间接引语时，我们是在从一个不同的时间和空间视角重新表述原话，因此需要调整指示词以反映这种视角变化。
通过本文的详细解析和丰富示例，相信您已经对直接引语变间接引语时指示代词的转换有了更深入的理解。在实际应用中，要多加练习，注意上下文语境，逐步掌握这一重要语法点。
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